Mesoamerican Empires Essay -- Mayan, Olmec, Aztec

The three primary Indian realms in Mesoamerica were the Olmec, Mayan, and Aztec. These captivating societies had three totally different religions and beginnings, yet there were a few likenesses. In each of the three cases, they manufactured their urban areas chiefly as strict focuses, and had some comparable types of love. The entirety of their social orders spun around their different religions. The Olmecs are the soonest known Mesoamerican human advancement. Around 1200 B.C. the Olmecs started as a crude people living and cultivating on the shores of Mexico (Stanton 91). Before long, in any case, they started to fabricate urban areas, for example, San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Monte Alban. These â€Å"cities† were strict focuses where individuals assembled to adore, and were not populated (Stanton 91). The first of these focuses, San Lorenzo, was manufactured c. 1150 B.C., on a level beat, man-made mountain. It was bafflingly surrendered 200 years after the fact (Stanton 92-93). La Venta, worked somewhere in the range of 1000 and 600 B.C., sat on an island in a marsh (Stanton 93). Afterward, around 500 B.C., Monte Alban, which was utilized as a strict focus significantly after the Olmecs blurred, was based on a monstrous mountain (Stanton 93). The urban areas were comprised of sanctuaries and squares, and adorned by stupendous stone heads, which weighed as much as 50 to ns (Stanton 93)! These heads presumably spoke to their initial rulers and had particular protective caps (Kingfisher 32). It is fantastic how the Olmec individuals shipped the stone from the inaccessible mountains to La Venta, close to the shore, without the guide of work creatures or trucks. Apparently the Olmecs accomplished this tiring work for their divine beings energetically, as there is no proof of constrained work (Stanton 93). The Olmecs presumably revered the puma, as it shows up so regularly in their fine art. There are likewise numerous e... ... (Schweikart 5-6). The Aztecs’ voracity for conciliatory prisoners turned these Indian neighbors against them (Kingfisher 196-197). The Aztecs were vanquished, in part since they had been debilitated by smallpox, yet additionally in light of the fact that the Spanish battled all together power, while Aztecs battled as people (Schweikart 6-7). These three human advancements were centered around their religions, causing a few likenesses. They every manufactured city as strict focuses. Both the Mayas and the Aztecs adored their divine beings through human penance. The Olmecs were so committed to their divine beings that they shipped 50 ton rocks from the mountains to the shore. For the Mayas, even their games were identified with their religion. The Aztec society was continually at war for the sole motivation behind creation penances to their numerous divine beings. Religion overwhelmed the way of life of these Mesoamerican domains.

Predictive Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prescient Methods - Essay Example As indicated by Sandford and Hsu, The Delphi Technique can perform capacities, for example, the piece of basic data in this way prompting different decisions. It can likewise teach respondents on the immense interrelated perspectives about the point [3]. In such a case, a gathering of specialists should have some experience concerning Ukraine so as to decide reasonable aims of the individuals concerning any looming assault. Such conclusions depend on the utilization of specialists with insight information, for example, the Red Team. Such cases require combination by the important groups to distinguish in the ID of components inside the zone of obligation [4].Therefore; the read group turns into a basic part in the forecast of the investigation question. The Red Team has demonstrated significant advances bot in detail and techniques to deal with little warring gatherings [5]. Peruse joining is extremely essential in guaranteeing data for knowledge assortment and examination and along these lines the Secretary of Defense should guarantee the powerful foundation of the group in basic zones, for example, Ukraine [6]. The Red groups have the mastery appropriate to break down circumstances from different points of view, for example, Ukraine [7]. In such a case, they will be in a situation to have adequate data to tell whether the Russia is in an attack risk. Red Teaming in the past appeared to be feasible in the distinguishing proof of potential conflicts between various gatherings [7]. Solid sources state that it is conceivable that Ukraine is getting ready for an assault in the Russia Islands. Nonetheless, the sources don't have the arrangement of an obvious on such cases in this manner the Delphi technique can't discover the result of such

How MinneApp Uses MindMeister A Success Story

How MinneApp Uses MindMeister A Success Story Los Angeles, California-based entrepreneur Espree Devora, known as “The Girl Who Gets It Done,” launched her latest venture, MinneApp, an internet marketing agency, already at full capacity with a waiting list of clients to perform her online marketing skills. She began as a business owner in her early 20s, founding ZEXsports.com, an action sports event search engine, which is still thriving 8 years later. MinneApp, formed earlier this year, offers services designed for today’s small businesses; SEO, website development, e-commerce and strategic marketing. MinneApp’s tenet is simple solutions that are delivered on time. When MinneApp partners Espree and Spencer say they can deliver on time, that’s not just a promise, it’s a guarantee. One of the essentials for on-time delivery is having a concrete plan of action. As a self-described visionary, Espree is quick to see an opportunity in just about everything and everyone she comes in contact with. Early on in her career, Espree realized that she’d need a way to better organize these opportunities. “I used to use a giant dry erase board. When it got full, or I needed to take notes out of the office, I’d take a photo of it, and start all over again.” With a solid business established, Espree and Spencer began receiving request after request for their services. With so many ideas, projects, and plans simultaneously taking place, MinneApp needed a better way to organize, share and collaborate. Espree’s admitted to using other mind mapping solutions prior to MindMeister but “…never found them as simple and easy to use.” As a small business owner, one of Espree’s primary activities is new client acquisition. One of her favorite tools to use with prospective clients is a MindMeister mind map. Together, they map out the prospects’ current situation, what they want to achieve, and how they can get there. Keeping in mind that Espree can easily throw out 50-100 business ideas in a single session, her mind maps often get quite expensive by the end of the consultation. Once back at the MinneApp HQ in Los Angeles, Espree and her partner Spencer get to work on deciphering the rapid succession of notes Espree has sketched out. The team starts by organizing a mind map of their previously disorganized ideas, focusing on connections and a logical progression of workflow. “MindMeister allows us to take complex thoughts and see exactly how they should relate to each other.” Once the team has their plans mapped out, organized, and ready to go, they then use the mind map as a process management tool. Spencer carries the breakdown even further  and creates individual clusters for each section of the project. This not only keeps him on track and on time  but due to the open nature of a collaborative mind map, Espree can also check in on these individual branches to see what stage of development Spencer is at and vice versa. The MinneApp team says that by the time the mind map is organized and converted into a process map, “We’re halfway done!” Prior to implementing MindMeister as the mind mapping solution for their business, Espree and Spencer estimated that a “from the ground up” build for clients took nearly 3 weeks to complete. “When the client has the content ready to go, it certainly helps, but there’s still a lot of things to be put in order,” comments Espree. “In addition to speeding up our processes, MindMeister also serves as a quality check before delivery,” says Espree. “We’ve found things missing that we simply would have overlooked without the mind map. Since its all there in front you, it’s easy to go straight down the list, placing a check mark next to each component as it’s completed.” Since using MindMeister as their solution, MinneApp has been able to significantly reduce their turnaround time by 77 percent, or 16 days. Espree recites a recent story where the client was acquired on a Wednesday, by Friday the mind map was in place, and by Monday evening, the project was submitted to the client for approval. Try mind mapping in your business

The Primitive Hut - Laugiers Theory About Architecture

The Primitive Hut has become a shorthand statement of principle that defines essential elements of architecture. Often, the phrase is Laugiers Primitive Hut. Marc-Antoine Laugier (1713-1769) was a French Jesuit priest who rejected the opulence of Baroque architecture prevalent in his lifetime. He outlined his theory about what architecture should be in the 1753 Essai sur larchitecture. According to Laugier, all architecture derives from three essential elements: The columnThe entablatureThe pediment The Primitive Hut Illustrated Laugier expanded his book-length essay in a second edition published in 1755. This second edition includes the iconic frontispiece illustration by French artist Charles Eisen. In the picture, an idyllic woman (perhaps the personification of Architecture) points out a simple rustic cabin to a child (perhaps the unknowing, naive architect). The structure she points to is simplistic in design, uses basic geometric shapes, and is constructed from natural elements. Laugiers Primitive Hut is his representation of the philosophy that all architecture derives from this simple ideal. In the English translation of this 1755 edition, the frontispiece created by the British engraver Samuel Wale is slightly different from the illustration used in the well-known, celebrated French edition. The picture in the English language book is less allegorical and more clear-cut than the more romantic picture from the French edition. Both illustrations show, however, a reasoned and simplified approach to building. Charles Eisen frontispiece from Essai sur l’architecture, 2nd editionPublic domain image from DOME, digitized content from the MIT Libraries collections, dome.mit.eduSamuel Wale frontispiece from the English translationIllustration in the public domain courtesy of Open Library, openlibrary.org Full Title in English An Essay on Architecture; in which Its True Principles are explained, and Invariable Rules proposed, for Directing the Judgment and Forming the Taste of the Gentleman and the Architect, With regard to the Different Kinds of Buildings, the Embellishment of Cities, And the Planning of Gardens. The Primitive Hut Idea by Laugier Laugier theorizes that man wants nothing but shade from the sun and shelter from storms—the same requirements as a more primitive human. The man is willing to make himself an abode which covers but not buries him, Laugier writes. Pieces of wood raised perpendicularly, give us the idea of columns. The horizontal pieces that are laid upon them, afford us the idea of entablatures. Branches form an incline that can be covered with leaves and moss, so that neither the sun nor the rain can penetrate therein; and now the man is lodged. Laugier concludes that The little rustic cabin that I have just described, is the model upon which all the magnificences of architecture have been imagined. Why is Laugiers Primitive Hut Important? The essay is considered a major treatise in architectural theory. It is often cited by teachers of architecture and practicing architects even in the 21st century.Laugiers expression is pro-Greek Classicism and reacts against the Baroque ornamentation and decoration of his day. It established the argument for future architectural movements, including 18th century Neoclassicism and the 21st century trend toward unadorned, eco-friendly tiny homes and small dwellings (see Books to Help You Build a Smaller Home).The Primitive Hut idea supports a back-to-nature philosophy, a romantic idea which gained popularity in the mid-18th century and influenced literature, art, music, and architecture.Defining the essential elements of architecture is a statement of purpose, a philosophy that drives the work of an artist and practitioner. Simplicity of design and the use of natural materials, what Laugier believes are architectural essentials, are familiar ideas that have been embraced by more moder n architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright and the vision of Gustav Stickley at Craftsman Farms.Laugiers rustic cabin is sometimes call The Vitruvian Hut, because Laugier built on ideas of natural and divine proportion documented by the ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius (see Geometry and Architecture). Critical Thinking The popularity of Laugiers philosophy is in part because he offers easily understood alternatives to the architecture he scorns. The clarity of his writing is such that the English architect Sir John Soane (1753-1837) is said to have given copies of Laugiers book to his new staff members. Architects of the 20th century, like Le Corbusier, and of the 21st century, including Thom Mayne, have acknowledged the influence of Laugiers ideas on their own work. You dont have to agree with Laugiers visions, but its a good idea to understand them. Ideas shape everything we create, including architecture. Everyone has a philosophy that develops over time, even if the ideas havent been written down. A useful project is to put into words the theories about architecture and design that you have developed—how should buildings be built? what should cities look like? what design elements should all architecture have?  How do you write philosophy? How do you read philosophy? The Primitive Hut and Related Books Essay on Architecture by Marc-Antoine Laugier, English translation by Wolfgang Herrmann and Anni HerrmannBuy on AmazonOn Adams House in Paradise: The Idea of the Primitive Hut in Architectural History by Joseph Rykwert, MIT Press, 1981Buy on AmazonA Hut of Ones Own: Life Outside the Circle of Architecture by Ann Cline, MIT Press, 1998Buy on Amazon Sources Quotations and frontispiece designed by Mr. Wale for English translation of Laugiers Essay on Architecture (1755) in the public domain courtesy of Open Library, openlibrary.org

Essay A Comparison of Capitalism and Marxism - 637 Words

A Comparison of Capitalism and Marxism This essay will compare the economic principles of capitalism and communism by giving brief historical background on both and describing the two. I will begin with the father of economy, Adam Smith, and finish with the theories of Karl Marx. Adam Smith believed that if everyone behaves selfishly we are doing what is best for the economy of our society. This is what is known as â€Å"enlightened selfishness.† â€Å"Enlightened selfishness† is one of the main elements of capitalism. Profit is the motive for production of goods and greed is a virtue. You can own private property, but to maintain that private property you need capital to invest. Investing in something is always a risk. The larger the risk,†¦show more content†¦The workers were, in general, unskilled and often repeated the same series of actions for 12 hours a day. The owners were the people profiting the most from this system. Because the common worker was so easy to come by and easy to underpay, the owners could have a higher profit. All of this and child labor too. Children and women were under paid even more so than men. Urbanization forced the creation of working class districts. These slums had no running water, diseases such as s mall pox and typhus were commonplace, people were clustered around the factories creating crowded flats and mortality rates were incredibly high. Marx and others saw capitalism as going hand-in-hand with these horrors. Communism is considered a reaction to the â€Å"evils of capitalism.† Another way of saying communism is â€Å"dialectical materialism.† Karl Marx borrowed many ideas from the ideas of Gregor Hagel. Karl Marx was a German professor and theoretician, he published 2 famous works The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1866). Before he could finish Das Kapital he died, Friedrich Engels finished the book. Frederik Angles was a collaborator of Marx’s and co-author of the book. Marx saw the exploitation of the common worker and predicted a revolution that would see the rise of the proletariat against the capitalistic suppressors. Proletariat is a term used by Marx to describe the working class. He alsoShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesdialectically as societies shift from one mode of production to another†. This will be argued through a contextual account of Marxism, its development, critiques, and both the dependency theory and critical theory. Marx closely analysed the economic interactions within the capitalist community, arguing that the unfair wages were being distributed to workers due to capitalism being driven by profit. This is known as the ‘Labour Theory of Value’. This theory illustrates how the rich are becoming richerRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories During The Industrial Revolution1662 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives and different ways of viewing oneself in class positions. Comparisons between social and political structures in the 19th century and the 21st century expose the similarities that have yet to be modified. Marxist theory proved to offer a framework for society to undergo evolutionary change that would put an end to the capitalist mode of production that developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (Connelley). Marxism greatly outlines the struggle between different classes and groupsRead More A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Soci ety1130 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own function), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of courseRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. TheyRead MoreCompare two cultures using two sociological concepts/perspectives1301 Words   |  6 Pageswith ‘Mechanical solidarity’. This describes shared customs, values, and beliefs, and agrees with Marxism. All take part in the farming of land and the raising of livestock, and there is social cohesiveness. The Nama people are a small, less technologically advanced society; traditionally living with no electricity, using basic tools and weapons and living in huts without running water. In comparison, England is situated in Western Europe, approximately 12,000km from Namibia. In modern day EnglishRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead More The Political Impact on Humans Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship of humans. Michael Lowry of The Monthly Review comments, â€Å"This spirit stems from its quality of being simultaneously critical and emancipatory-that is to say from the inextricable unity between analysis of capitalism and the call for the overthrow of capitalism, between examination of the class struggle and commitment to the exploited class, between clear analysis of the contradictions within bourgeois society and the revolutionary utopia of a society marked by equalitarianism andRead MoreA Marxist Evaluation Of Feminism And Gender Equality Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesversion of what it was meant to be—a system that sought to raise the rights of women out of the home (as domestic servants) and into the workplace. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the idea of Marxism as a system of economic analysis for women to dissect the inequalities of patriarchal capitalism has also become diluted and co-opted by the ruling classes as a â€Å"political phenomenon:† In this sense, then, rather than retaining the idea of feminism as something that stretched from its radicalRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pageseducation means those who have skill that can move up the social classes, such as meritocracy. †¢ The education explains social dissimilarity; those in the best roles are there because they justify being due to their hard work and ability. MARXSIM Marxism is a system of economic, social, and political attitude based on the thoughts that view social change in terms of economic factors. An essential principle is that the means of production is the economic base that effects or controls the politicalRead MoreThe Major Problems That International Relations1639 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective on the issue. The three theoretical approaches we will explore in this paper are Realism, Liberalism and Marxism. These three approaches are chosen due to their verity as well as how vast their explanation stretches allows for contrasts to show more accurately. As we will discuss later, we will find that there are some similarities between Liberalism and Realism also where Marxism brings in a perspective completely alternate to the first two, adding to the depth of the explanations. Each theoretical

Justice System Position Paper Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to state my belief that juveniles should and can be rehabilitated. The goals and efforts of rehabilitation are to keep the juvenile offenders out of the correctional facility. Peers impact delinquency in several ways for instance; most teenagers follow their friends do to peer pressure. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice System Position Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some juveniles demonstrating behaviors that are inappropriate at times just to fit in. In some cases the peers that are under the influence of their friends tend to due things that they were taught not to do because they will feel as though they may lose the others as their friend. A lot of juvenile’s offenders don’t have a positive older role model in their life they can turn to so they tend to turn to their peers for guidance and this is how juvenile delinquency begins. In many cases juvenile delinquents are raised by single parents. Some are subjected to an environment that is considered a high crime area in which promotes delinquent behavior. In some cases when juvenile’s become delinquent they feel as though because of their age there is no real consequence they would face because they are minors. Juveniles have often said â€Å"nothing will happen to me because I’m under aged†. Not all juveniles are a menace to society and should not be place in a juvenile detention. There are many cases when juvenile delinquents can benefit from rehabilitation and not be punishing by placing them in a detention facility. In the early days 1800’s, young children the age of seven and older were placed in an adult correctional facility. These children were incarcerated with criminals who committed murder, robbery, rape, ect†¦ In these early years of incarceration men, women, children and the mentally challenged shared the same space within the correctional facility. The juvenile justice system should focus on rehabilitation The purpose of rehabilitation is to offer programs and therapeutic session in order to assist juvenile delinquents to return to their community. Rehabilitating juvenile delinquents can also deter them from future criminal behavior. The purpose of the community –base treatment programs are designed to serve the juveniles by rehabilitating them so they are able to live as productive citizens within their community. Within the juvenile justice system there are several community treatment based programs that are made available in order to rehabilitate them before entering back into the community. Juvenile delinquents can receive rehabilitation for drug and alcohol use. They can also receive educational courses in order to help them with life skills. Rehabilitation is designed to assist juveniles with the help of a professional team to help teens to cope with drug and alcohol abuse, self-esteem issues, and in some cases sexual abuse. The juvenile justice system should focus on rehabilitation for reasons such as; it can deter juvenile delinquent from future criminal offense. Rehabilitations can also be an alternate solution for juvenile’s verses punishment. Rehabilitating a juvenile can also eliminate the amount cost of incarceration. Rehabilitation can allow the juvenile delinquent to understand his or her reason for their behaviors and can deter them from future acts. Rehabilitation can also help juvenile offenders understand the affect they may have on their community when committing crime. Rehabilitation offers juvenile offenders a new lead on life and implements ways to change their criminal behavior. Why should the juvenile justice system adopt the focus of rehabilitation? The juvenile justice system should adopt the focus of rehabilitation because it would allow juveniles a chance to regain acceptance from the people who live within their community as well as ensuring that each juvenile become successful within society. The juvenile justice system should adopt the focus of rehabilitation verses punishment for reasons such as, when juvenile delinquents are order by a judge to become rehabilitated they tend to learn from their mistake and attempt to make a life change for the better. Most juveniles who committed to becoming rehabilitated have become successful with deterring from criminal activities. In many cases some juvenile delinquents have grown to be productive throughout their teenage years into adulthood after receiving rehabilitation. Rehabilitation has an affect on law enforcement, court process, probation, corrections, community service, and intervention programs for example, within law enforcement most juvenile offenders stand a lesser chance committing a second offense. This would allow the law enforcement to focus on new cases of criminal offenders. In addition to focusing on new offenses, law enforcement can utilize the funding that it would take support the process and use it in other areas most needed. â€Å"Almost all federal support for juvenile law enforcement activities comes through grants made to states and local agencies. (Rabkin, J. N. , 1998) Most juveniles are recommended rehabilitation during the court process. Until the juvenile delinquent has meet all requirements set by his or her probation officer and or the judge, then he or she must complete all orders that are set in order to be in compliance with rehabilitation. Rehabilitation will affect probation because the more juvenile offenders ar e placed on probation the more probation offers case load. Juvenile delinquents must report to their assigned probation offer in order to be in compliance with rehabilitation. In most instance probation officers are assigned to juvenile delinquents who did not receive a jail sentence therefore they are required to check in with the probation officer in order to determine if rehabilitation is effective. Rehabilitation can affect corrections for reasons such as, when funding is made available by grants and other agencies the correction facility can support more rehabilitation services for the juvenile delinquents who in term had to serve time in a correctional facility. Community service would be affected in a positive way because this would allow agencies within the community to help juvenile delinquents regain their self –esteem by allowing them to complete volunteer work. This helps with building their work ethics as well as confidence. Intervention programs could benefit from the use of rehabilitation because it allows more analysis to be complete on the behaviors of juvenile delinquents. This can also be beneficial to rehabilitation programs as well because it allow the programs to create new strategies in order to better rehabilitate juvenile delinquents. It has been several arguments that are opposed of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents. Some feel as though juvenile delinquents should face harsh punishment in order to deter future criminal acts. Then on the other side, there has been argument that juvenile delinquents can benefit from becoming rehabilitated through community base programs as oppose to being incarcerated. There are numerous success stories of how effective juvenile rehabilitation has been. In recent finding judge LaDoris Cordell stated â€Å"the juvenile justice system can be applied and modified to deal with the needs of the particular juvenile. †(Cordell, L. , 2011) In some studies there has been argument that rehabilitation is non effective within the juvenile justice system. In some studies researchers find that most juveniles who commit criminal acts are of those who are poor and in low income homes, they also have a â€Å"lack of opportunity lead children to crime, not families that fail to teach value. (P, F, P, A, 1996) A few arguments that are opposing from the other side are that some feel as though rehabilitations are non- effective and has not deterred juveniles from criminal behavior. It has also been argued that incarceration would serve as justice and is more effective than juvenile delinquent attending rehabilitation programs. Some argued that putting the funds that support rehabilitation programs to other use such as â€Å"placing it on health care. †(Limbaugh, S. 010) I will attempt to validate why my argument is stronger than the opposing side, In my opinion I feel the arguments that were opposed to rehabilitation are not as valid as my arguments for reason such as, juveniles that are incarcerated for a long period of time stand a greater chance of becoming institutionalized as oppose to juveniles who are becoming rehabilitated through community programs. Juvenile delinquents who spend a lot of time incarcerated stand a greater chance of becoming depressed, aggressive, and even more violent towards others than before they enter into the correctional facility. Juvenile delinquents who attend rehabilitation programs have been a positive resolution for young offenders. Most juveniles who were rehabilitated stand a greater chance to become more productive within society. If the juvenile justice system would focus more on rehabilitation services then most juvenile delinquents can concentrate on becoming rehabilitated and not feel the pressure of confinement with in the correctional facility. † Rehabilitation is the focus of corrections programs for juveniles. †(T, P, F, J, D, 1999) Evidence to support my claims Community rehabilitation programs are the best prevention for juvenile delinquents. When providing services to juvenile delinquents it allows juvenile delinquents to regain self confidents when reentering into society as well as it brings about self awareness. In 1996 a report from RAND Corporation which indicated that â€Å"early intention programs can prevent as many as 250 crimes per $1 million spent while the same amount spent in prisons would prevent only 60 such crimes a year†. (Adebayo,J. ,A. 2011) In conclusion The purpose of my position paper is to state my belief that juveniles should and can be rehabilitated. The goals and efforts of rehabilitation are to keep the juvenile offenders out of the correctional facility. The advantage of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents is to deter them from future criminal acts. The disadvantage of juvenile punishment is that some juveniles that are confined to a correction facility as oppose to reporting to a community program risks the chance of becoming institutionalized. The disadvantage of becoming institutionalized can trigger more aggressive behavior than before. In my opinion I feel as though rehabilitation is more effective then placing juvenile delinquents in a correctional facility because juveniles are able to get a new start on life after being rehabilitated. How to cite Justice System Position Paper, Papers

Labour Wage Rate

Introduction The labor market is characterized by wage rate differentials. There exists more than one labor market since firms require different types of labor for different jobs and this implies that the demand and supply for labor is different for specific labor time. The wages paid to employees also vary with the labor service provided.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Wage Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If all the firms wanted the same labor, then a common labor market would exist, however, there are variations in labor needs of the firms and employees want different jobs in different firms. These factors have led to payment of different wage rates. This papers seeks to explain the reasons for differences in wage rates and their implication Factors Responsible For Wage Differential There are various factors responsible for different wage rates as explained below. Compensating wage differentials N ot all jobs or occupations are the same and the degree or level of risk or injury involved is different in both nature and magnitude. For example, considering the level of risk associated with an occupation such as electrical engineering and teaching is different, an electrical engineer is more prone to death risk as compared to a teacher. However, more often than not, the engineer is paid higher wage to compensate for the risk involved as compared to the teacher. Compensating wage rates are normally applied if the degree of risk associated with the occupation is high or if working conditions are poor. The implication is that there is a tendency for people to want to venture in occupations associated with high risk and even work in poor conditions in pursuit of the additional income that come with such offers. Competition Competition both within the industry and among employees has also contributed to difference in wage rates. Competition within and across industries is important to the issue at hand since it has led to a distinction between successful and unsuccessful. Successful firms, regardless of their size are able to pay better and higher wages than the unsuccessful ones. The issue here lies in the ability of a firm to pay. It is therefore possible that two or more businesses in the same industry and dealing with identical nature of goods and services will pay different wages to their employees depending ion a firms ability to pay.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competition among employees has also become a very important factor in that. employee performance appraisal is used to determine additional benefits to employees. An employee achievements and efforts are evaluated and then additional benefits are given or rewarded by the organization to serve as an incentive[1]. Employee productivity Difference in wage rates can also be explained by the value add ed by an employee. This is especially true in the manufacturing industries where value addition is important at every stage of production. For better understanding of this concept, value addition is defined as the contribution by factors of production to the value of the final product. Amount of labor required in production varies with the type of industry. For example, in a cloth-manufacturing firm, the value added by labor is lower than value added by labor in a paper manufacturing industry. The challenge lies in differentiating the actual value added by labor and that added by use of machines since in most cases, the two go hand in hand. Sometimes, employees work as a team and it is difficult to measure the exact value added by each employee to the final product. The implication is that active employees may feel demoralized and lack the incentive to work hard and give their best and this may detrimental to the overall performance of the organization[2]. The role of trade unions c annot be ignored in creating wage differentials. Most of the highly paid employees have trade unions that bargains or negotiates with employers for salary increment. More often than not, such bargains bear fruits. On the contrary, poorly paid employees are not even able to form trade unions that can act as their voice in bargaining for better pay. This implies that the poorly paid will continue to receive such pays since their bargaining power is weak. Skills Nature or characteristics of the employment and formal education required for the job. This aspect cannot be explored fully without considering individuals socialization. Socialization in this context focuses on individual’s ambitions, self-motivation, and their willingness to adhere to the authority structures in place at that time. Productive socialization is normally associated with attainment of certified qualification such as a degree or having a good work experience record. Socialization of an individual therefore plays a part to difference in occupation wage rates through cost differentials. This can be explained further in that there are different job entry levels in almost all occupations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Wage Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A fresh graduate from school with no previous experience cannot be paid the same amount as a graduate with experience for the same job. This is because the latter has an additional advantage in that he requires less training. In addition, if an employer is interested in a candidate with both formal and practical experience, the costs associated with search for such a candidate are higher as compared to getting a fresh graduate since in the former a more porous screening process is applied hence increasing the costs. From the discussion on socialization, it can be argued out that occupation requiring less formal or academic training and less experience t end to have lower average wage rate as compared to those that requires higher formal academic qualifications and experience. Gender and Race Another cause for differential in wage rate that does not reflect the skills and abilities of a person in performing a job is race and gender. The question rotates around socialization since a certain race may be perceived to have negative socialization. The implication is that before an employer gets to higher them, a thorough screening process will be employed and as if that is not enough, the employer will see to it that such employees are monitored and supervised. This in return increases the costs to the organization and in order to recover for such costs or minimize them, lower average wage rates are applied as compared to those from a race perceived to have positive socialization. The implication of wage differential is that the employees who are underpaid will tent to be less productive. Gender has also been a base for wage differential and with special regard to women of childbearing age and the traditional perception of their role. There is a preconceived idea that occupations in which women work tend to have a high turnover rate due to the time they take in maternity leaves and their inability to work for long hours since they have other family responsibilities. The implication is that such cost is borne by all the women across occupations leading to lower wage rate[3]. Table Showing Differences in Wage Rates Average full time wages paid per week (pounds). Gender Solicitors Accountants Teachers Nurses Sales Assistants Waiters and Waitresses All Male 800 620 520 410 250 190 430 Female 650 520 470 380 190 180 320 Graph Showing Wage Differentials between Occupations Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/labourmarket/pay_differences.htm Wage Differentials in the Manufacturing Sector To some extent, the wage differentials in the manufacturing industries are justified. This is because there are different departments and different processing stages and the skills required are different. For example, there is need for unskilled labor to do those jobs that are not skill intensive, on the other hand, qualified personnel is required to perform the profession job. Therefore, the firm must be able to cater for all those labor expenses without passing a heavy burden on the consumer. If the consumers are overburdened, the firm may be faced out by competition. In the manufacturing sectors, there is heavy capital investment on machines and technology that require special expertise and pose a great risk to the operators. Such employees will need an incentive to make them have the will to venture into such risky operations. If the market forces o f demand and supply continue to operate in determining the wages, then wage differentials will persist. This is because, it is difficult for the labor market to clear i.e. have supply equal demand. There will be increased and unskilled labor supply and the demand for the same will apply. However, employers are interested in the marginal revenue product and will only employ it the marginal revenue product equals the marginal cost. With continued improved technology and better training facilities, the earnings of the skilled labor will continue and vice versa is true for the unskilled ceteris paribus. Trends in Income Distribution and Wage Rates From the study, it can be concluded that unequal distribution of income will continue to exist in the society with urban areas being in a better position as compared to the rural areas. This is because, most people prefer migrating to urban areas in search for better paying jobs since most industries and firms that can offer that are located i n the urban areas. Unless policies are implemented and incentives for delocalization are given, it will be difficult to achieve equality in income distribution. Difference in wage rates cannot be eliminated since it is not possible to pay common wages to all people since the nature of job and their requirements are different. It is possible that the gap between the highest and lowest paid employee will continue to expand. Conclusion Different occupations gave different wage rates since their requirements are also different and varied. Most employers pay wages based on the marginal revenue product gained from labor services offered and it should be equal to the marginal cost. Various factors such as difference in skills, competition, trade unions, nature of job and poor working conditions have accounted for the wage differentials. Bibliography Gleicher, D. L. Stevans, A classical approach to occupational wage rates, Greenwood Publishing Group, CA, 1991, retrieved https://books.google .com/books?id=krLLwGDgqlICpg=PA89dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=JLjCTKL0EI6N4gbP7fS5Awsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false. Gottschalk, P., B. Gustafsson and E. Palmer, Changing patterns in the distribution of economic welfare: an international perspective, Cambridge University Press, NY, 1997, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbOIAW6F4Cpg=PA124dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=ttDCTJmcHtfPjAebn_W6BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false. Holley, W., K. M. Jennings and R. S. Wolters, The Labor Relations Process. Cengage Learning, NY, 2008, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=2Kx_qc0HOQoCpg=PA292dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=udjCTMufF4a6jAe3yc26BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageqf=false. Footnotes P Gottschalk, B Gustafsson and E Palmer, Changing patterns in the distribution of economic welfare: an international perspective, Cambridge University Press, NY, 1997, 124, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbOIAW6F4Cpg=PA124dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=ttDCTJmcHtfPjAebn_W6BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false. W Holley, K M Jennings and R S Wolters, The Labor Relations Process. Cengage Learning, NY, 2008, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=2Kx_qc0HOQoCpg=PA292dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=udjCTMufF4a6jAe3yc26BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageqf=false. D. Gleicher and L. Stevans, A classical approach to occupational wage rates, Greenwood Publishing Group, CA, 1991, p. 89, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=krLLwGDgqlICpg=PA89dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=JLjCTKL0EI6N4gbP7fS5Awsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepa geqf=false. This essay on Labour Wage Rate was written and submitted by user Max1m1l1an0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.